ABSTRACT
Resumen Las tecnologías digitales móviles son parte de la vida cotidiana de los niños. Sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre su contexto de uso en Latinoamérica. Esta investigación utilizó un diseño mixto para describir las características del uso de teléfonos móviles y tabletas en niños costarricenses entre 1 y 5 años de edad y sus cuidadores. El Estudio 1 analizó las interacciones familiares en áreas de comida de centros comerciales a través de observaciones no participantes. Los resultados indicaron que fueron los cuidadores quienes utilizaron los teléfonos durante la observación, ante lo cual los niños usualmente realizaron actividades que no implicaron interactuar con sus cuidadores. Frente a intentos de los niños por interactuar, los cuidadores raramente respondieron. A través de una metodología de encuesta dirigida a padres, el Estudio 2 exploró el uso de los dispositivos por parte de los niños y sus cuidadores en el hogar. Los resultados indicaron que los niños acceden principalmente a contenidos educativos al usar los dispositivos, y los cuidadores mencionaron usualmente acompañar a los niños durante su uso. También reportaron casi siempre utilizar las estrategias mediadoras de tipo restrictivo y de supervisión, y en menor medida la mediación instructiva y de uso conjunto. Además, los cuidadores consideraron que la actividad física y el sueño son los aspectos más negativamente afectados por el uso infantil de dispositivos, mientras que las habilidades matemáticas y lingüísticas tienden a verse más afectadas positivamente. Estos resultados caracterizan el uso temprano de dispositivos móviles en contextos de cuidado parental en Costa Rica.
Abstract Mobile technologies are part of children's everyday lives. However, little is known about their context of use in Latin America. The goal of this paper is to describe how Costa Rican caregivers and their children between the ages of 1 and 5 years old use smartphones and tablets. A mixed-methods approach was used, including two studies. Study 1 used non-participant observations to analyze family interactions related to smartphone use in food court areas in shopping malls. A total of 22 children were observed while interacting with their caregivers and their use of smartphones was registered (N = 269 events) and classified according to (a) the person who used the smartphone and (b) the actions that took place during its use. Results indicated smartphones were mostly used by caregivers (n = 226, 84.01 %), followed by a co-use to take pictures or make videos (n = 27, 10.03 %). Children's use was infrequent (n = 16, 5.94 %). During caregivers' use, children usually engaged in activities that did not involve their caretaker, such as silently eating, interacting with another adult not using a smartphone at the moment or looking around. When children attempted to interact with their caregivers while they were using their smartphones, caregivers rarely responded. No disruptive behaviors on children were observed after caregivers' lack of response. Using a survey methodology, Study 2 explored children's and caregivers' use of mobile devices at home. A total of 42.9 % of caregivers reported they sometimes facilitate a device to their children to be able to accomplish other domestic and work-related tasks, as well as to satisfy personal needs. Daily duration of caregivers' use of devices was longer on weekdays (M = 207 minutes, SD = 116.02) than weekends (M = 164.25 minutes, SD = 118.54). Caregivers' daily duration of use was related to children's daily duration of use during weekdays (r = .414) and weekends (r = .451), and during caregiving time on weekdays (r = .328) and weekends (r = .541). Using a Likert scale (1 = never, 5 = always), the children's consumed content was explored. Findings indicate that children mostly consumed content from YouTube (M = 3.60, SD = 1.14) and children's educational apps (M = 3.13, SD = 1.5). Use of educational videogames (M = 3.27, SD = 1.34), puzzle-like videogames (M = 2.36, SD = 1.26) and word games (M = 2.23, SD = 1.14) was more frequent than action (M= 1.48, SD = 1.02) and sports videogames (M= 1.55, SD = 0.93). Educational televised programs (M = 3.58, SD = 1.10) and musical cartoons (M = 3.27, SD = 1.11) were frequently consumed by children. A total of 47.2 % of caregivers also indicated that they always accompany their children while they use devices at home. Caregivers reported a higher use of technological restrictive mediation (M = 4.14, SD = 1.14) and supervision (M = 4.1, SD = 1.11), followed by instructive (M = 3.93, SD = 1.19) and co-use mediation (M= 3.62, SD = 1.14). On a scale of 1 (very negative) to 5 (very positive), caregivers indicated that physical activity (M = 1.72, SD = 1.07) and sleep (M = 2.09, SD = .96) were most negatively affected by children's device use, whereas mathematical (M = 3.36, SD = 1.04) and linguistic skills (M = 3.44, SD = 1.13) were the most positively affected. This study's results provide a preliminary understanding of the context of use of mobile technology during caregiving of young children.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a experiência de pessoas que tinham, no mínimo, dois anos de recasamento. Participaram cinco mulheres e três homens, residentes na cidade do Recife e com filhos do casamento anterior, quer fossem biológicos ou adotivos. Foi utilizada uma entrevista semidirigida, a partir de um roteiro estabelecido. Analisaram-se seis temas de acordo com a técnica de análise de conteúdo temática: motivação para o recasamento, tempo decorrido entre as uniões, adaptação dos filhos à nova família, administração da família, sentimentos experimentados e expectativas para o futuro. Pode-se concluir que os quatro primeiros anos de convivência são bastante delicados, exigindo do casal e dos seus filhos maior flexibilidade e paciência para alcançar uma integração familiar. Embora os membros dessa nova configuração apontem dificuldade quanto ao exercício de seus papéis, as famílias recasadas apresentaram grandes potencialidades como unidades promotoras de saúde e satisfação para seus integrantes.
The aim of this research was to investigate the experience of people who were remarried for at least two years. Participants were five women and three men with biological or adopted children from a previous marriage, who lived in Recife city. A semi-structures interview was applied following a pre-established guide. Six themes were analyzed according to Thematic Content Analysis Technique: motivation to remarriage; time between unions; children adaptation to the new family; family administration; experienced feelings and future expectations. Can be conclude that the four first years of living together are especially delicate, demanding greater flexibility and patience from the couple and their children in order to achieve family integration. Although members in this new configuration point to difficulties regarding their roles, remarried families present great potentialities as health and satisfaction promoting units for these people.
El objetivo del trabajo fue investigar la vivencia de personas que tenían, por lo menos, dos años de recasamiento. Participaron cinco mujeres y tres hombres, radicados en Recife y con hijos del casamiento anterior, tanto biológicos como adoptivos. Fue utilizada una entrevista semi- dirigida, a partir de un guión establecido. Fueron analizados seis temas según la técnica de análisis de contenido temático: motivación para el recasamiento; tiempo transcurrido entre las uniones; adaptación de los hijos a la nueva familia; sentimientos experimentados y expectativas para el futuro. Se puede concluir que los cuatros primeros años de convivio son muchísimo delicados, exigiendo de la pareja y de sus hijos una mayor flexibilidad y paciencia para lograr la integración de la familia. Aunque los miembros de esa nueva configuración muestren una dificultad relacionada al ejercicio de sus papeles, las familias recasadas presentaron grandes potencialidades como unidades que promueven salud y satisfacción para sus integrantes.